Introduction

The State of Iowa at the State-level has approximately $4.84 billion of the taxpayer's money it is not using, i. e. surpluses equal to $1,647 for every man, woman and child in Iowa or $6,588 for a family of 4. This does not include all the additional surpluses that exist in the school districts, cities, or counties in Iowa.

The Exhibit A below shows the results of the FY 2003 review.

What are these surpluses we refer to?

Government surpluses, as used in this report, are funds that are not required or needed for the operation of all government operations, funds, accounts, agencies, etc., directly or indirectly, for the year(s) covered by the budget which is usually one year. Theoretically, at the end of every fiscal year, governments should have little or no cash/investments on hand. But what we have found is that most governments have huge amounts of cash and investments on hand at the end of the fiscal year. And somehow these cash and investments are not being recycled back through the budget process the next year, but are being held year-after-year.

A Government Can Have a Budget Deficits/Shortfalls and Financial Surpluses At The Same Time.

This is the most deceiving topic that governments, politicians, and the news media have conveyed to the public about governmental financial matters. In realty, a government can simultaneously have a budget shortfall and a financial surplus of the taxpayers' money.

The problems are focused in four areas:

1. The budget only covers a small portion of the State's financial condition. There are a group of funds not part of the budget process. The complete list of funds and budgetary requirements are found in the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR). This report depicts the complete financial status of the State. The budget only covers a portion of the financial resources of the government.

A Little Background:

The CAFR usually has four categories.

Categories	Amount of Surplus(In thousands)	Per Capita Surplus	Family of Four
Governmental Funds	1,655,753	564	2,255
Proprietary Funds	2,182,156	743	2,972
Fiduciary Funds
Component Units	999,411	340	1,361
Total...	4,837,320	1,647	6,588

Governmental Funds involve activities of the government including most basic services such as environmental resources, general government, transportation, education, health and human services, and protection of persons and property. Most of the cost of these activities are financed by taxes, fees , and federal grants.

Proprietary Funds are used when a government charges customers for the services it provides, whether to outside customers or to other agencies with the state. For example, Enterprise Funds, a component of proprietary funds, are for activities that provide goods and services to outside (non-government) customers, which includes the general public. Fees, charges for services or goods, assessments, fines, licenses, etc. are the major revenue sources.

Fiduciary Funds are activities in which the state acts as a trustee or fiduciary to hold resources for the benefit of others. These funds are pension trust funds, investment trusts, and agency funds (which are for assets held for distribution by the government as an agent for other governmental units, other organizations, or individuals).

Component Units reportedly are legally separated organizations for which the government is financially accountable. Usually fees, charges for services or goods, assessments, fines, penalties, licenses, etc. are the major revenue source.

The budget, as commonly known to the public, only involves the Governmental Funds and may not even include all of the governmental-type funds. The remainder of the Funds shown above are not part of the budget and are commonly called "off-budget" items.

2. Next year's budget consists only of next year's estimated revenues and next year's estimated expenditures. Previous years' revenues not used (spent) are normally not considered in the next year's budget, but should be. In other words, the previous years' revenues (as shown in the CAFR) are not recycled back to the budget process.

Historically, a budget consists of three parts: 1) Funds brought forward (funds not previously spent); 2) Next year's estimated revenues; and 3) Next year's estimated expenditures.

But somewhere along the way the funds brought forward category was lost. In accounting, the previous years' revenues are no longer called revenue but have been converted to Cash and Investments. Since they are no longer called Revenues governments have forgotten about them to the public. They are there but not considered in the budget process, but should be.

3. The budgeted items and non-budgeted items (off budget) should be budgeted to zero (usually referred to as zero-based budgeting). In addition, the government should be on a pay-as-you-go basis, no reserves for future years. What this means is that you budget to have a zero fund balance. If you plan to spend $100 you budget for $100 with no excess or reserve allowed.

4. Budgeted expenditures should be last year's expenditures (as shown in the CAFR) with an adjustment for increase in requirements (costed out) or reductions in requirements. In most cases the CAFR expenditures are not considered in the next year's budget because the CAFR in many cases is published after next year's budget is considered and sometimes approved.

Running Surpluses is Stealing

Although taxation is legitimate, running a government surplus isn't. It represents a taking by the state, because it exceeds the government's contract with the community. It is no different than if a federal agency were to take a person's land or possessions without just compensation (an activity barred by the Fifth Amendment). Excess taxation isn't what the people bargained for.

In presuming entitlement or authority not ceded by the community, the state abrogates its moral pact with those it governs. Its power is no longer derived from the people, whose rights to liberty and property it boldly denies.

"Collecting more taxes than is absolutely necessary is legalized robbery" - Calvin Coolidge

The Governor and the Legislators

The Governor and the legislators should include in the next year's budget the previous years revenues not spent as indicated by the CAFR. These were once a revenue and should still be considered revenue for budgetary purposes.

Also, they should consider a zero-balance budget concept for all budget and non-budgetary items in the CAFR including the College and Universities and the Component Units.

Budgeted expenditures (for the budget) should be last year's expenditures (from the CAFR) adjusted for demonstrated requirement changes in project, program or services. An increase in requirements should include the costs of these additional requirements. Conversely, a decrease in requirements should result in a decrease in costs associated with the decreased requirements.

The Governor and legislators should take into consideration the entire financial condition/status of the State in the budgetary process by including all of the funds in the CAFR as being a part of the budget.

This system is covered in the CAFR Budget System. This system needs to be implemented in all governments.

If the State holds the excesses/surplus, it will earn 4% to 5% on that money. If the State returns the money to the people it will receive 20% in revenue because of the increased economic activity. This is elementary economics.

Laws need to be changed.

Every thing done by governments is by law. There are laws that state this or that regarding the use of some of the funds. Man made the laws, man can change the laws. How much effort would it be to include at the end of every law "...or if considered excess or not needed for the current operation that the funds will be refunded to the taxpayers?" See how easy it is.

At one time every law had its place, but things change. The laws need to be reviewed for change to meet the current needs of the government and the people to release these funds for use/refunded.

If this were accomplished, the State would have a huge surplus to refund (rebate or tax reductions) to the taxpayers. Such a refund would create considerable wealth and jobs, increase wages, increase State and local government revenues, dramatically increase the economy, and create the greatest economic expansion in the history of the State. Everyone wins.

If you want to know the financial condition of your government(s), do not look at the budget. Get the CAFR.

The Synergistic Magic of Economics.

What happens when the government holds the $4.84 billion.

Here is what happens when the $4.84 billion is returned to the taxpayers (the private economy).

In FY 2002 unemployment was 66,800. If the $4.84 billion was returned to the people 96,746 jobs would be created. There would be a labor shortage in Iowa and $445 million in unemployment claims would be saved. This is why it is disastrous for governments to hold excesses/reserves of the taxpayers money.

Note: The economic impact analysis is further explained at Economic Impact Analysis.

The business community suffers the most.

Before the 9-11 tragedy, President Bush and Congress provided tax rebates which averaged $427 for every American. This was to create an additional $60 billion in consumer (economic) spending, turn the economy around and create jobs for the unemployed. However, 9-11 change that.

As the above economic impact chart shows, if the State returned the $4.84 billion in surpluses to the people the State economy would grow by $3,294 per capita. That is 8 times the amount the Federal government used to stimulate the U.S. economy. Businesses net incomes could double or triple. This is elementary economics.

Examples

The Grow Iowa Fund, a Special Revenue Fund (Governmental Funds) and part of the budget, had NO expenses. Yet it had $50 million in cash and investments (reserves/surplus). Why?

Unemployment Benefits, an Enterprise Fund and not part of the budget, had net expenses of $107 million. It also had $684 million in reserves. That represents 6 years of reserves. Why?

The Iowa State Fair Authority, a Component Unit and not part of the budget, made a profit of $1.6 million. It had reserves of $6.6 million. Why?

These only represent three of the 30 funds shown below that had cash and investment reserves not being used.

What to do?

Unless the budget flaws are corrected and the entire State finances are used in the budget process, the problems that created the surpluses will continue to exist. The budget deficits reported by the Governor and legislatures will be used year after year for the excuses for tax increases and/or to reduce needed services.

Just stopping a tax increase or a reduction in services will not solve the problems. The problems will come back the next year.

I have provided the details of the surpluses and explained the ways the surpluses are accumulated. The data is accurate because it comes directly from the government's own financial statement, the CAFR. You must provide the where-with-all to convince the Governor and legislatures that the surpluses exist and what should be done about it. I live in Arizona. It is not my money that is at stake.

Exhibit A

The 2003 CAFR is located at:

http://das.sae.iowa.gov/financial_reports/index.html

Items not Included

The following items are not included in the amount of surplus shown:

-Buildings, roads, bridges, land (not for sale), and equipment.

-Deferred compensation plans for employees. These are plans in which the employee contributes to his/her retirement over and above the normal employee retirement contribution.

-Any fund that is 100% supported by donations, bequests, gifts, endowments, etc. These are not taxpayers money.

-For Colleges and Universities. All endowment and similar-type funds should not be included as surpluses. Sometimes these funds are combined with other college/university funds. We are interested in surpluses, so in these cases the total amount should not be included.

-Funds in which the revenues/contributions are 100% held for other individuals, organizations or another government.

-Funds that are required by law in which a bank, financial institution, insurance companies, etc. are required to deposit with the government a certain amount for insurance against the entity going bankrupt. These are not taxpayers' money.

-Retirement/Pension Funds - only included are 1/2 of the actuarially determined excesses, the taxpayers portion. The other 1/2 is the government employees portion.

  Review of The State of Iowa CAFR- FY 2003

CAFR Page	List of Investments By Fund (In thousands)	Surpluses
	Governmental Funds:
20	General	1,131,374
20	Tobacco Tax Exempt Bond Proceeds Fund	372,366
	Special Revenue Funds:
82	Grow Iowa Fund	49,755
82	Endowment For Iowa's Health	27,074
82	College Aid Federal Reserve	23,389
82	Iowa Public Television Foundation	4,213
82	Other	38,864
	Capital Projects Funds:
92	General Services Capitals	51
92	Recreational Trails Development	215
92	Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax Capitals	153
92	Fish & Game Capitals	67
92	Other	649
	Permanent Funds:
96	Henry Albert Trust
96	Permanent School Principal	7,583
96	Pilot Grove Trust
96	Iowa Public Television Foundation Endowment
	Proprietary Funds:
26	University Funds	1,366,431
26	Unemployment Benefits Fund	684,115
	Tobacco Settlement Authority Fund	69,223
	Enterprise Funds:
100	Iowa Communications Network	19,073
100	Iowa Lottery	7,426
100	Iowa State Prison Industries Fund	3,236
100	Liquor Control Act Fund	8,445
100	Other Enterprise Funds	644
	Internal Services:
106	Workers' Compensation	819
106	Materials and Equipment Revolving	12,811
106	Depreciation Revolving	4,314
106	Innovations	2,817
106	Other Internal Service Funds	2,802
	Fiduciary Funds:
	Private Purpose Trust Fund:
116	Iowa Educational Savings Plan Trust
116	Health Organization Insolvency
116	Wagner Award
116	Veterans Affairs Fund
116	Braille and Sight Saving School
	Pension:
	Agency Funds:
120	Local Sales & Services Tax
120	Centralized Payroll Trustee
120	Judicial-Clerks of District Court
120	School District Surtax Clearing
120	Other
	Component Units:
36	Iowa Finance Authority	974,138
36	Iowa Higher Education Loan Authority	14,381
36	Iowa Agricultural Development Authority	4,342
36	Iowa State Fair Authority	6,550
	Related Organizations: Financial Data not Provided
39	Iowa Student Loan Liquidity Corporation
39	Iowa Comprehensive Health Association
39	Turkey Marketing Council
39	Iowa Business Development Finance Corporation
39	Community Health Management Information System
	Total Surpluses…	4,837,320
	Per Capita…	1,647
	Family of 4…	6,588
Notes
1	The CAFR states the following:
	"The Iowa Economic Emergency Fund…is separate from the General Fund of the state and the balance in the fund is not to be considered part of the balance of the General fund of the state." However, the CAFR does not list the financial data of the Iowa Economic Emergency Fund.
	"The Cash Reserve Fund…is separate from the General Fund of the state and is not considered to be part of the General Fund of the state except in determining the cash position of the state." However, the CAFR does not list the financial data of the Cash Reserve Fund.

Note: For those familiar with governmental accounting, for surpluses we basically used GFOA Balance Sheet Account Classification Codes 101, 102, 103, 151, 153, and 170.

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This report was prepared by: Gerald R. Klatt Lieutenant Colonel, USAF, Retired www.cafrman.com Qualifications

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